Surname

A surname or family name is a name added to a given name. In many cases, a surname is a family name and many dictionaries define "surname" as a synonym of "family name". In the western hemisphere, it is commonly synonymous with last name because it is usually placed at the end of a person's given name.

In most Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries, two or more last names (or surnames) may be used. In China, Hungary, Japan, Korea, Madagascar, Taiwan, Vietnam, and parts of India, the family name is placed before a person's given name.

The style of having both a family name (surname) and a given name (forename) is far from universal. In many countries, it is common for ordinary people to have only one name or mononym.

The concept of a "surname" is a relatively recent historical development, evolving from a medieval naming practice called a "byname". Based on an individual's occupation or area of residence, a byname would be used in situations where more than one person had the same name.

Context-sensitive language

In theoretical computer science, a context-sensitive language is a formal language that can be defined by a context-sensitive grammar (and equivalently by a noncontracting grammar). That is one of the four types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy.

Computational properties

Computationally, a context-sensitive language is equivalent with a linear bounded nondeterministic Turing machine, also called a linear bounded automaton. That is a non-deterministic Turing machine with a tape of only kn cells, where n is the size of the input and k is a constant associated with the machine. This means that every formal language that can be decided by such a machine is a context-sensitive language, and every context-sensitive language can be decided by such a machine.

This set of languages is also known as NLINSPACE or NSPACE(O(n)), because they can be accepted using linear space on a non-deterministic Turing machine. The class LINSPACE (or DSPACE(O(n))) is defined the same, except using a deterministic Turing machine. Clearly LINSPACE is a subset of NLINSPACE, but it is not known whether LINSPACE=NLINSPACE.

Bach (journal)

Bach is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Riemenschneider Bach Institute (Baldwin Wallace University). It covers the study of Johann Sebastian Bach and Baroque music. The journal was established in 1970 and the editor-in-chief is Melvin Unger (Baldwin Wallace University).

External links

  • Official website
  • Podcasts:

    Bach

    ALBUMS

    Johann Sebastian Bach

    ALBUMS

    Coleção Folha Mestres da música clássica, volume 3: Johann Sebastian Bach

    Released 2014

    Matthäus-Passion BWV 244

    Released 2014

    Cantatas, Volume 28: City of London (The Monteverdi Choir, The English Baroque Soloists feat. conductor: John Eliot Gardiner)

    Released 2013

    Matthäus-Passion BWV 244

    Released 2012

    The Complete Bach Collection

    Released 2012

    Matthäus Passion, BWV 244 (Orkest van de 18e Eeuw feat. conductor: Brüggen)

    Released 2011

    Angela Hewitt plays Bach

    Released 2010

    The Well-Tempered Clavier

    Released 2009

    The Well-Tempered Clavier

    Released 2007

    Bach's Passion

    Released 2004

    Bach: Preludes, Fughettas and Fugues

    Released 2003

    Bach Edition, Volume 7: Secular Cantatas/Weltliche Kantaten

    Released 2000

    Bach Edition, Volume 5: Cantatas/Kantaten, Volume II

    Released 2000

    Bach Edition, Volume 10: Passions/Passionen

    Released 2000

    Weihnachts-Oratorium, BWV 248

    Released 1997

    Italian Concerto / Goldberg Variations

    Released 1996

    Transcendental Bach

    Released 1993

    Concerti BWV 972-976,978, 981 Organi della "Nuova Olanda" (Edoardo Bellotti)

    Released 1993

    75 Cantatas for Sundays and Feast Days of the Church Year: Volume III (Münchener Bach-Orchester feat. conductor: Karl Richter)

    Released 1993

    Mathäus-Passion BWV 244 - Leonhardt

    Released 1990

    Die Großen Komponisten J.S. Bach

    The 99 Most Essential Bach Masterpieces (Full Works Edition)

    Born: 1685-03-21

    Died: 1750-07-28

    Bach

    PLAYLIST TIME:

    A Crooked Nigga Too (Raphael Saadiq Remix)

    by: 2Pac

    Yo 'Pac yo, I heard you got beat up by the police
    Got a big fat lawsuit and everything
    Niggaz just wanna know
    if you still gon' be on some crooked-ass sheeeit
    [2Pac]
    Please tell me what's a nigga to do, and it's true
    Ain't nuttin new, so I do, what I can to get through
    Now first they had me trapped and now I'm pissed
    A loaded AK-47 lay under my head so I don't trip
    One motherfucker from the Underground
    And Big Stretch buckin niggaz if they fuck around
    Yo why I got beef with police?
    Ain't that a bitch that motherfuckers got a beef with me
    They make it hard for me to sleep
    I wake up at the slightest peep, and my sheets are 3 feet deep
    I guess it's hard for you to see
    But now I'm pointin the finger at police
    instead of them motherfuckers blamin me
    I got the right to bear a pistol
    And when the punk motherfuckers get to trippin I got shit too
    And maybe then you'll see the truth (hell yeah)
    But until then, I gotta do what I do
    and stay a crooked nigga too
    [Chorus: Raphael Saadiq]
    I've got to do, what I'm gon' do
    I'm gon' say what I'm gon' say
    I'm gon' live how I live - how else you want a nigga to live?
    I'm gon' do, what I do
    I'm gon' say, what I say
    I'm gon' live how I live - how do you want a nigga to live?
    [2Pac]
    Y'know you really can't say that ya blame niggaz
    Fuck bein tame, set aflame, time to aim triggers
    2Pac'll spark a revolution, fuck the Constitution
    I want my bucks for restitution
    This time you got a bigger problem
    Time to face the niggaz from South Central, Oakland, Brooklyn and Harlem
    And we ain't shootin at each other
    That's my motherfuckin brother, so Dave Duke, run for cover
    And all the bitches from the Klan
    Come feel the wrath of a black man that doesn't smoke crack and
    I don't drink St. Ides (fuck that!)
    Genuine Draft, ganja ganja, and my fuckin tec-9
    They know they scared to see us sober
    Stop drinkin King Cobra, and niggaz'll take the world over
    It's all up to you (up to you)
    Blame the Korean, blame the jew, or be a crooked nigga too
    [Chorus]
    [2Pac]
    Aiyyo! Why me? Play like Jasmine Guy and try me
    I'll be damned if I die, come look at the rage in my eyes G
    They got my homies in a jail cell
    And it's the Rebel and the Devil, and one of us is goin to Hell
    I got the whole place covered, with loc'd out brothers
    And nuttin but love for each other
    So motherfucker make a motion
    I give a fuck, slice you up, and throw your ass in the ocean
    Temperatures drop; see it's cool to shoot a nigga
    but they hate it when we pop the cops
    That's when they gettin petrol
    You better watch your step or you'll be left on death row
    But I learn to look ahead of me
    Stay strapped watch your back keep your eyes on the enemy
    We blowin up precincts and OOOH
    You can't fuck with the crew, of crooked nigga too
    [Chorus]
    [Raphael Saadiq]
    It's the coldest town from here to Georgia
    (I'm a crooked nigga too)
    It's the coldest town from here to Georgia
    It's the coldest town from here to Georgia
    (I'm a crooked.. crooked nigga too)
    It's the coldest town from here to Georgia
    Y'all gon' stop fuckin with me
    [Chorus - repeat to fade]




    Latest News for: Bach

    Edit

    Bach Lunch Series: Choir to Perform ‘St. Mark Passion’ for Lent

    The Pilot 01 Apr 2025
    On Friday, April 4, at 12 noon, Emmanuel Episcopal Church will offer Charles Wood’s “St. Mark Passion,” as the April musical offering of the Bach’s Lunch Recital Series ... .
    Edit

    From Bach to Big Band: A Month of Live Music Performances You Can’t Miss! (American University)

    Public Technologies 01 Apr 2025
    Whether you're a longtime music lover or a first-time concertgoer, there's a seat waiting for you at these unforgettable performances. [...] ... Disclaimer ... (noodl.
    Edit

    Catherine Bach of ‘Dukes of Hazzard’ Looks Ageless in Rare Appearance

    The Capital Journal 01 Apr 2025
    The actress reunited with her former co-stars at a special event ....
    Edit

    David Hasselhoff did not attend ex-wife Pamela Bach’s funeral: report

    New York Post 01 Apr 2025
    David Hasselhoff did not attend his ex-wife Pamela Bach‘s funeral on Saturday, according to a new report ... David Hasselhoff and Pamela Bach arrive at the 55th Annual Golden Globes Awards Show, January 18, 1998 in Beverly Hills, California.
    Edit

    TAD didn’t reappraise this year. Here’s what to do if your home value dropped in 2025

    Fort Worth Star-Telegram 01 Apr 2025
    Several areas in Tarrant County saw the median home price drop at the end of last year, but TAD didn’t reappraise on Jan. 1. Keep an eye out for a postcard in the mail with instructions on how to protest your valuation ... .
    Edit

    Leipzig stays true to Bach, 340 years on

    The Irish Times 31 Mar 2025
    The welcome recipients are school choir boys and girls who’ve just emerged from Leipzig’s St Thomas church after a concert celebrating Johann Sebastian Bach ... But the music he left behind ensures Bach remains immortal ... .
    Edit

    Baku Celebrates Bach's 340Th Anniversary With Spectacular Concert

    MENA FN 31 Mar 2025
    (MENAFN - AzerNews) Laman Ismayilova Read more Spectacular concert dedicated to the 340th anniversary of the great German composer, organist, conductor, and music educator Johann Sebastian Bach has ... .
    Edit

    Jeannette Sorrell, Apollo’s Fire are back with Bach and a Baroque spring musical renewal for April

    Cleveland 31 Mar 2025
    CLEVELAND, Ohio – Though he never composed a piece specifically called “Spring,” Johann Sebastian Bach’s music is often associated with spring, Easter and renewal ....
    Edit

    David Hasselhoff mysteriously absent from ex-wife Pamela Bach's funeral after shock suicide aged 61 | ...

    The Daily Mail 31 Mar 2025
    David Hasselhoff was absent from ex-wife Pamela Bach's funeral after her shock suicide at 61 ... David Hasselhoff (seen in November 2022) was absent from ex-wife Pamela Bach's funeral service after her shock suicide at 61 according to TMZ.
    Edit

    Pamela Bach-Hasselhoff's Cause of Death Revealed

    E! Online 28 Mar 2025
    A medical examiner has confirmed new details regarding Pamela Bach-Hasselhoff’s tragic death. According to online records from the County of Los Angeles Medical Examiner’s office viewed by E! ... .
    Edit

    3 to See: 'Rooted \u0026 Rising' Arts Warehouse exhibit; Bach concert in Boca; 'Guys and Dolls'

    The Palm Beach Post 27 Mar 2025
    Get ready for an excellent night of music this Saturday as The Symphonia presents its penultimate performance for the 2024-2025 concert season, “Neighboring Bach,” with conductor Alastair Willis ... “Neighboring Bach.” Saturday, March 29 at 7 p.m.
    Edit

    Pamela Bach-Hasselhoff's cause of death revealed weeks after star found dead at home

    The Mirror 26 Mar 2025
    Pamela Bach-Hasselhoff's cause of death has been confirmed by authorities weeks after the ex-wife of David Hasselhoff was found deceased at home ... .
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